Background: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) refers to clusters of life-threatening infections, cancers, and wasting symptoms. Initially, Kaposi’s sarcoma and pneumocystis pneumonia are the two disease indicators when AIDS was first reported in the spring of 1981 among groups of homosexual men living in New York City and California. Intriguingly, the immunodeficiency in AIDS is mutually associated with autoimmunity. Indeed, AIDS has characteristics of both immunodeficient disorders and autoimmune diseases. First, patients living with AIDS show the excessive humoral immune response defined by the presence of a variety of antibodies and circulating immune complexes. Despite the higher rates of acute rejection in recipients infected by HIV in relation to those not infected, kidney transplant seems to be a viable renal replacement therapy in HIV patients, but some strategies need to be improved to minimize rejection and manage drug interactions. Immunosuppressive therapies, such as corticosteroids, to dampen the inflammatory response to these complexes at the level of the kidney have been suggested as possible additional strategies for treatment. Many antiretroviral medications are partially or completely eliminated by the kidney and require dose adjustment in CKD. Certain drug classes, such as the protease inhibitors and the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), are metabolized by the liver and do not require dose adjustment. Several studies have pointed to HIV infection being an independent risk factor for microalbuminuria. A study done in the United States showed that 11% of HIV-positive patients had microalbuminuria. It was found that the odds were 5 times higher for those with HIV to have microalbuminuria than control patients. Predictors for albuminuria in HIV patients included lower CD4 count, higher viral load, and African-American race

Chronic Kidney Disease,HIV