This study embarked on an extensive exploration of the degradation impacts on ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) components within solar panels, which have been operational since 1997 in the arid expanses of the Adrar region, Algeria. Employing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) methodologies, we meticulously assessed EVA samples procured from solar panels subjected to the relentless assault of sunlight, heat, sand, and wind endemic to desert environments. The investigation revealed pronounced physical alterations over time, notably a discernible reduction in crystallinity and homogeneity in EVA layers located on the solar cells' upper surfaces in contrast to those positioned beneath. SEM analyses unveiled the emergence of cracks, inter-component heterogeneity, and a conspicuous accumulation of carbon particulates on the EVA surfaces. Additionally, it was observed that the EVA composition, typically ranging between 25% to 33% vinyl acetate contingent upon the application, deviated in the solar panels examined—registering at 19% vinyl acetate for layers above the cells and 17% beneath them. This deviation underscores the potential for further compositional optimizations to bolster durability. The investigation conclusively highlighted that the harsh desert climes instigate complex chemical transformations within the EVA layers, culminating in extensive structural and compositional changes over prolonged durations of solar panel operation. In light of the burgeoning global reliance on solar energy, these findings advocate for the innovation of alternative encapsulant materials, specifically engineered to withstand severe environmental conditions, thereby heralding substantial enhancements in the operational efficiency and longevity of solar panels.

Solar Panels, EVA, Degradation, Desert Conditions, Photovoltaic Efficiency, SEM, XRD.