Modifications to the biosphere and hydrosphere, the two layers of life on Earth that provide the food on which human societies rely, have the potential to have farreaching effects on the ecosystem. Destruction and recovery of biosphere components may thus have regional or global implications. Anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases pose a rising threat to both ecological systems as well as the human societies that depend on them. The consequences of these threats are likely to be serious, and they have become increasingly apparent in recent years. Earth has already pledged to a much hotter climate, with the likelihood of further warming into the future, unless the path of carbon dioxide emissions is drastically altered.

atmosphere, oceans, hydrosphere, degradation, restoration, planetary, ecosystems, carbon emission