This research study focuses on evaluating the performance characteristics and cost implications of material replacements in concrete mixtures. The materials selected for this study include cement, fly ash (FAs), ground granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS), metakaolin (MK), silica fume (SF), and aggregates. The cement used is Ordinary OPC Grade 43, known for its strength and reliability. FAs, GBFS, MK, and SF are utilized as cement replacements in varying percentages. The properties of these materials, including chemical composition and crystalline structure, are analyzed using techniques such as X-ray diffraction. The aggregates used in the study are evaluated based on fineness modulus, specific gravity, and impact resistance. The performance characteristics of the concrete mixtures are assessed through tests for compressive strength (CS), flexural strength (FS), sulphate attack resistance (SAT), and water permeation (absorption) behavior. Statistical analysis methods such as ANOVA and regression analysis are employed to analyze the significance of material replacements and their effects on concrete properties and cost. The findings of the study indicate that certain material replacements, such as MK and SF, contribute to improved hardened properties, including higher CS and FS. However, careful material selection and mix design optimization are crucial as not all material replacements lead to improved performance. The study also reveals variations in SAT and water permeation behavior among the concrete mixtures, highlighting the potential for enhanced sustainability and durability in aggressive environments. In addition to performance characteristics, the study considers the cost implications of material replacements. A cost analysis compares the costs associated with each material replacement, enabling a comprehensive evaluation of their economic feasibility. Overall, this study provides valuable insights for concrete engineers and practitioners in selecting optimal mix designs and material combinations. It emphasizes the importance of conducting thorough evaluations and considering multiple factors such as hardened properties, sustainability, and cost when making decisions regarding mix design and material selection. The findings contribute to the knowledge and understanding of material substitutions and their impact on concrete performance and cost-effectiveness.

Waste generation, concrete mixtures, material replacements, performance characteristics, sustainability, cost-effectiveness