Arctic and Antarctic regions host unique fauna that have evolved remarkable adaptations to survive in extreme environments. This paper explores the evolutionary strategies of polar organisms, focusing on physiological, behavioral, and ecological adaptations. Despite the geographical and climatic differences between the Arctic and Antarctic, both regions exhibit similarities in adaptations such as insulation, metabolic adaptations, and feeding strategies. However, there are also notable differences in evolutionary paths, driven by factors like genetic isolation and historical climate fluctuations. The impact of climate change on polar ecosystems is profound, threatening the survival of many species. Conservation efforts must prioritize preserving biodiversity and understanding the role of evolutionary history in developing effective conservation strategies. Future research should focus on addressing emerging threats and understanding the interactions between polar ecosystems and the broader environment.

Arctic, Antarctic, fauna, evolutionary adaptations, climate change, conservation