Liquefaction is a phenomenon wherein saturated soils lose their strength and stiffness under cyclic loading, often triggered by seismic events. Assessing liquefaction potential is crucial for infrastructure resilience and disaster mitigation. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the methodologies and techniques for liquefaction hazard assessment based on Standard Penetration Test (SPT) data. SPT is one of the most widely used in-situ tests for evaluating soil properties, including liquefaction susceptibility. This review explores various empirical and analytical approaches, their strengths, limitations, and advancements in the field. Additionally, it discusses the challenges and future directions for improving liquefaction hazard assessment using SPT data.

Liquefaction Hazard Assessment, Standard Penetration Test (SPT), Empirical Methods, Analytical Methods, Combined Methods, Case Studies, Challenges, Future Directions.