We study the concept of causality as used by Islamic Theologians, the Mu’tazilites and the Ash’arites and compare it with the current concept used in modern physics. In order to set the concept in its historical context and see its connection with the development of the concept during the European renaissance starting from Galileo, it was necessary to expose the Aristotelian understanding of causality since it forms a common base for all other understandings. We also analyze the implications of the new concepts that were developed by modern physics, namely quantum theory and Einstein’s relativity theory that have drastically affected the understanding of causality. We conclude that the new concept of causality as it is in modern physics is much in agreement with that which was proposed by Islamic Theologians.

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