Hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination in wastewater poses a significant threat to human health and the environment due to its carcinogenic and toxic nature. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of various methods employed for the removal of hexavalent chromium from wastewater, emphasizing recent advancements and challenges. The review begins by elucidating the sources and adverse effects of Cr(VI) contamination, highlighting the urgency of effective remediation strategies. Subsequently, it explores conventional treatment methods such as chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation, and ion exchange, while underscoring their limitations in terms of cost, sludge production, and efficiency. In response to the drawbacks of conventional methods, the review extensively covers emerging technologies and advanced materials for hexavalent chromium removal. Advanced oxidation processes, membrane filtration, and biological treatment methods are discussed, shedding light on their potential in achieving higher removal efficiencies and minimizing environmental impact. Furthermore, the incorporation of nanomaterials and composite materials for Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction is thoroughly examined, emphasizing the role of nanotechnology in enhancing treatment performance. The review also addresses the challenges associated with the scalability, stability, and cost-effectiveness of these novel technologies. Additionally, regulatory aspects and the global scenario of hexavalent chromium contamination are discussed, emphasizing the need for stringent guidelines and international collaboration to address this environmental concern. The economic feasibility and sustainability of various removal techniques are evaluated to provide a holistic perspective on their practical applicability.

Chemical Reduction, Electro Coagulation, Hexavalent Chromium, Operating Parameters, Removal Mechanism, Sacrificed Electrodes.