This paper explores the complex relationship between free speech and hate speech in India, a country known for its commitment to democratic values. While free speech is a fundamental right and an important aspect of democracy, India grapples with the spread of hate speech fuelled by religious, ethnic, and political tensions. Hate speech is a significant challenge to India's diverse society, social harmony, and communal relations. This paper provides an overview of India's legal framework relating to free speech and hate speech, highlighting key constitutional provisions and relevant laws. It highlights the historical context of hate speech incidents and their consequences, including riots, violence, and communal divide. The advent of digital platforms and social media has increased the reach and impact of hate speech, making it a contemporary concern.

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