Marine mammals play crucial roles in marine ecosystems, serving as indicators of ecosystem health and contributing to nutrient cycling and energy flow. However, these iconic species face numerous threats, both human-induced and natural, that impact their populations and habitats. This paper provides an overview of the ecology of marine mammals, including their habitat requirements, feeding behavior, and adaptations to aquatic environments. It then explores the major threats facing marine mammals, such as pollution, climate change, overfishing, and habitat destruction, as well as natural threats like predation and disease. The paper discusses current conservation efforts, including international agreements, regulations, and conservation strategies, and highlights case studies of successful conservation efforts. Finally, the paper examines emerging challenges in marine mammal conservation, innovative approaches and technologies for conservation, and provides recommendations for future research and conservation efforts. By addressing these challenges and adopting innovative approaches, we can work towards ensuring the long-term survival of marine mammals and the health of marine ecosystems.

marine mammals, ecology, conservation, threats, habitat, pollution, climate change, overfishing, conservation efforts, future directions.