Electromagnetism stands as one of the fundamental forces in modern physics, with profound implications across various scientific disciplines. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of electromagnetism, starting from its historical roots in the discoveries of electricity and magnetism to its modern-day applications in fields such as electrical engineering, telecommunications, medical imaging, and astrophysics. The paper explores Maxwell's equations, which form the foundation of electromagnetism, and discusses their implications in understanding electromagnetic waves and the electromagnetic spectrum. It also covers modern developments in electromagnetism, including quantum electrodynamics, the electroweak theory, and grand unified theories, highlighting their role in advancing our understanding of the universe. The paper concludes with a discussion on the challenges and future directions in electromagnetism research.

electromagnetism, Maxwell's equations, applications, quantum electrodynamics, electroweak theory, grand unified theory, challenges, future directions.